Ajuga Orientalis L Anatomy Studies

Ajuga Orientalis L Anatomy Studies The anatomical investigations of therapeutic taxon Ajuga orientalis L. (Lamiaceae) from Turkey Dynamic. Ajuga orientalis[a1], with a wide circulation territory in Turkey, is generally utilized medication in the treatment of some skin illnesses in Anatolia. The point of this investigation is to decide the anatomical attributes of the root[a2], leaf, petiole, calyx and corolla of therapeutic taxon [a3]A. orientalis in cross areas. Because of the investigation, it was discovered that the substance beams of root are made 3-4 paddled cells and stem was quadrangular[a4]. There were glandular and non-glandular hairs on a superficial level layers on stem, leaves, petiole, calyx and corolla. Starch particles were additionally identified[a5] in the cortex cells of stem. The stomata were diastic[a6] and the leaf was bifacial. There were one major vascular group in the inside and 4-5 little vascular packages on each edge of the petiole. It was likewise discovered that adaxial epidermis cell states of corolla are papillose sort. Catchphrases: Ajuga orientalis, life structures, therapeutic plant, Turkey Presentation The Lamiaceae is a huge family indicating regular circulation. The greater part of species having a place with this family are shrubby and herbaceus, and trees are incredibly uncommon (Heywood, 1978). The family with its in excess of 250 genera and roughly 7000 species, has a cosmopolitan dispersion (Thorne, 1992). As indicated by Baã… Ã… ¸er (1993), Turkey is acknowledged as a quality place for this family. Numerous types of this family are sweet-smelling and are frequently utilized as herb flavors, society meds and aromas (Werker et al., 1985). With their wonderful aroma, numerous types of Lamiaceae have been utilized as natural teas in Turkey. A considerable lot of animal categories are utilized as crude material in the corrective business. A few animal categories are generally utilized as therapeutic plants (Baytop, 1984). It was accounted for that some Ajuga L. what's more, Salvia L. species are developed as fancy plants (Baytop, 1984; Ãâ€"zdemir and Ã… Ã… ¾enel, 2001; Ak ã §in et al., 2006). What's more, Lamiaceae has incredible significance because of its conservative worth and its assortment of species. The sort Ajuga L. has a place with Lamiaceae family. Ajuga L. is spoken to in Turkey by 13 species and 22 taxa, six species and one subspecies being endemic (Davis et al., 1982-1988). Ajuga species are utilized in society medication in various pieces of the world for the treatment of stiffness, gout, asthma, diabetes, intestinal sickness, ulcers and looseness of the bowels and have antibacterial, antitumor, antifeedant, and vulnerary properties (Chen et al., 1996; Ben Jannet et al., 2000). Baytop (1999) revealed that some Ajuga species by and large known as â€Å"mayasã„â ±l otu† in Turkey have been broadly utilized for their fragrant, diuretic, antipyretic, tonic, diaphoretic, astringent, severe and homeopathic properties in the Turkish people medication. Ajuga orientalis L. one of the types of Ajuga variety is utilized against some skin illnesses by embrace on the skin in Anatolia (Koyuncu et al., 2010). Albeit numerous types of Lamiaceae family are researched anatomically (Çobanoã„å ¸lu, 1988; Uysal et al., 1991; Ãâ€"zdemir and Altan, 2005; Aktaã… Ã… ¸ et al., 2009) there is no anatomical investigation of A. orientalis L. in writing. Because of its therapeutic significance referenced above in this investigation, the reason for this examination is to decide the anatomical attributes of A. orientalis L. MATERIALS AND MEDHODS In the current investigation, the plant examples of A. orientalis were gathered during the blossoming time frame and regular populaces in A5 Amasya (in the region of Direkli town, open zones, at 1800 m, June 2012, Ä⠰ãâ€"ztã ¼rk Çalã„â ± 461) which is a city operating at a profit Sea area of Turkey. Its taxonomical depiction was done by Davis (1982). Anatomical examinations were performed utilizing a normal of new examples kept in 70% liquor. Cross areas of root, stem, laeve, petiole, calyx and corolla were taken from 30 examples of A. orientalis and 50 estimations were directed for every boundary. Transverse areas were made by hand utilizing business disposable cutters and recolored with Sartur responsive (Çelebioã„å ¸lu and Baytop, 1949). Estimations in the segments were performed under a Leica ICC50 HD binocular light magnifying instrument by utilizing a Leica Digital Camera and targets utilized were x10 and x40. Photos were taken with a Leica ICC50 HD binocular light magnifying lens and a Leica Digital Camera. RESULTS In cross-segments taken from the root, stem, leaf, petiole, calyx and corolla of A. orientalis , the accompanying noteworthy properties were seen underneath. In the transverse segment of the root, there was a periderm which was the furthest layer of the base of A. orientalis (Figure 1). The periderm had 8-9 layers. The elements of periderm cells were 15 †60 X 15 †57.5  µm (Table 1). Underneath the periderm, there was the multi-layered cortex, made out of ovaidal and parancyhmatic cells. The cortex was 9-10 layers. The cambium, made out of 3-4 layered, was situated between the xylem and the phloem. Underneath the cambium, there were xylem tissue (7.5 †15 X 7.5 †20  µm) made out of standard trachea and tracheid cells. Xylem cells were likewise present in the middle, so the substance isn't found in the inside. There were 3-4 layered essential essence beams between the auxiliary xylem cells. A. orientalis, as a run of the mill normal for the Lamiaceae, had a 4-edge stem. Its epidermis as a rule had one layer made out of ovoidal cells (12.5 †42.5 X 17.5 †50  µm). The upper surface was secured with a fingernail skin (1.25 †2.5  µm). There were glandular and non-glandular hairs on the epidermis (Figure 2). Transverse segment of the stem uncovered 9-10 layered collenchyma put on the corners. The cortex was made out of 6-7 layered paranchymatous cell. The elements of paranchymatous cells were 27.5 †75 X 15 †55  µm (Table 1). Starch particles were additionally seen in the paranchymatous cells of stem (Figure 3). There were 2-3 layers of sclerenchyma in the external side of phloem. Directly underneath the phloem, there was a 1-2 paddled cambium layer. The xylem tissue existing underneath the cambium was made out of ordinary trachea and tracheid cells. The vascular packs were greater on the corner than different pieces of stem. Between the corners there were likewise various little packages in the A. orientalis stem. The vascular groups were insurance (Figure 2). The substance was wide and comprise of level cells with intercellular spaces. There was a depression in the focal point of the substance. In the leaves, the epidermis was single layered on upper and lower surface. There were glandular and non-glandular hairs on epidermis. The fingernail skin was 2.5 †5  µm thick. Just underneath the upper epidermis cells, there were 2-3 paddled palisade parenchyma cells (Figure 5). The components of the palisade parenchyma cells were 12.5 †25 X 25 †50  µm (Table 1). The 2-3 paddled light parenchyma existed underneath the palisade. The light parenchyma secured less space than does the palisade parenchyma. The insurance vascular group was situated in the midrib locale (Figure 5). There were sclerenchyma cells in the external side of phloem. Every vascular pack in the leaves were encircled by group sheet cells. The stoma was diastic and the leaf was bifacial (Figure 4 and Figure 5). The stoma introduced on upper and lower surfaces of the leaf (Figure 4). Both adaxial and abaxial epidermis cells were single layered in the petiole (Figure 6). The components of the adaxial epidermis cell were 15 †45 X 17.5 †27.5  µm while those of the abaxial epidermis one were12.5 †27.5 X 15 †17.5  µm (Table 1). There were a great deal of glandular and non-glandular hairs on epidermal cells which were ovoidal-rectangular shapes. Parenchymatic cortex cells were 10-11 layered. There was one major vascular pack in the middle and 4-5 little vascular groups at each sides of petiole. The vascular packs were encircled by sclerenchymatic cells (Figure 6). There were parenchmatic group sheets on the every single vascular pack. The sort of vascular group was security (Figure 6). There were 2-3 layered collenchyma in the territory between the corners. In the calyx, the adaxial epidermis cells were littler than abaxial epidermis cells. The elements of adaxial fingernail skin were 1.25 †2.5  µm though the those of the abaxial fingernail skin is 2.5 †3.75  µm (Table 1). Parenchymatic cells were level ovoidal. There were glandular and non-glandular hairs on the epidermis (Figure 7a). In the cross-segment of corolla, fingernail skin was available on both abaxial and adaxial epidermis cells secured by glandular and non-glandular hairs. The states of adaxial epidermis cells were papillose sort (Figure 8). Underneath the adaxial epidermis, there were the parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces (Figure 7b). There was a vascular group in the midrib. Conversation The current investigation gave valuable data on the life structures of A. orientalis. Not many investigations on the species A. orientalis had been found in writing (Sajjadi and Ghannadi, 2004; Koyuncu et al., 2010). In any case, the estimations and perception of anatomical characters having a place with the restorative taxon A. orientalis were accounted for without precedent for the current paper. Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) decided some imported anatomical data about root life structures of Lamiaceae family. They expressed that the substance beams of underlying foundations of the family are 2-12 or more paddled cells. It was discovered that the essence beams of A. orientalis were formed 3-4 paddled cells. These discoveries were steady with those of Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) and those of some examined types of Lamiaceae (Baran and Ãâ€"zdemir, 2006; Ãâ€"zkan and Soy, 2007; Baran and Ãâ€"zdemir, 2009). Metcalfe and Chalk (1972) additionally expressed that the individuals from Lamiaceae family have quadrangular with all around characterized collenchyma in the four a

International Business Strategy Analysis Of Samsung Electronics - Samp

Question: Dissect the International Business Strategy of Samsung Electronics. Answer: Presentation The most significant goal of seeking after this examination is to fundamentally assess the universal business system of as received by Samsung Electronics. The organization which starts from Korea has today risen as perhaps the biggest organization which have abilities of surpassing corporate monsters like Apple Inc.(Worstall, 2012). This settles on the decision of Samsung to be extremely able as the organization has extended past its national boondocks as well as has been effective to deal with an enormous item/administration portfolio to a more noteworthy degree. The examination audits Samsung Electronics on numerous viewpoints particularly those identified with its hierarchical plan and culture, worldwide market passage systems, worldwide tasks, creation and gracefully chain the executives and worldwide human asset the board. The examination additionally decides shifted the executives issues and chances to which Samsung is presented to in this way creating suggestions to beat the equivalent. Samsung: Company Overview and Current Operating Position Samsung, the Korean organization which made a modest start as a little exchanging organization 1938 has today developed as a world-class current company. Before the finish of 2014, Samsung worked in excess of 84 nations through more than 213 workplaces over the globe and utilized exactly 320, 000 people(Samsung Electronics , 2015). The companys portfolio traverses gadgets, overwhelming enterprises, money related administrations, synthetic substances, administrations and others. Its organizations are wide-going that stretch out over semiconductors, advance innovation, high rise and plant development, style, petrochemical, medication, lodgings and much more(Samsung Electronics, 2014). At Samsung, ability and innovation are guided past achieving the monetary objectives to likewise contribute towards making a superior worldwide society(Samsung Electronics , 2015). Greatness is among the basic beliefs of the organization which is obvious from the way that in 2015 Samsung Electronics involved thirteenth situation in Fortune Global 500(Samsung, 2016; Fortune Global, 2016). Under the authority of Mr. Gracious Hyun Kwon, Vice Chairman and CEO, the organization has topped the graphs in the general cell phone and advanced mobile phones sections during Q3 2015 holding pieces of the overall industry of 19.0% and 23.2% separately according to rankings of the exploration firm Counterpoint(Guha, 2015).Despite getting an extreme rivalry from its opponent Apple, the organization has still figured out how to be the universes biggest versatile vendor(Mathew, 2015). As a brand, Samsung has as of late been positioned at seventh spot in Interbrands Best Global Brands 2015. The advancement of the brand is apparent from that it remained at seventeenth spot during 2011(Samsung Electronics, 2015). Samsungs current market position can be credited to its fundamental beliefs, arranged business moves, tight authority over flexibly chain exercises, and its technique to procure points of interest of experience bend economies (Simonin, 2014). Authoritative Design and Control Issues At Samsung, the hierarchical plan was basically impacted by the commonplace Korean culture, frequently spoke to by trained, tyrant and bureaucratic administration styles. Such a hierarchical plan encourages top administrations inconvenience of vision on the remainder of the organization along these lines facilitating command over exercises (Stachowicz-Stanusch, 2010). Be that as it may, such a hierarchical plan not just adversely influenced the monetary objectives of the organization; it likewise drew parcel of outer analysis to the organization proclaiming it to be non-imaginative and laggard(Stachowicz-Stanusch, 2010; Chun, 2015). The organization along these lines took a progressive choice to alter its hierarchical structure from being a productivity centered to a more advancement situated association. The once hazard avoidance theory has been supplanted by a hierarchical structure which advances nonstop experimentation and development. Throughout the years, it has taught an authoritative culture of creating in-house mastery (Glowik, 2016). The organization works on a non-association reasoning which was really the possibility of its organizer, Mr. Lee ByungChul(Yoo Kim, 2015). Since 2013, Samsung has been revamped into three key divisions: IT Mobile Communications, Consumer Electronics, and Device Solutions as delineated in the figure beneath. Figure 1Organizational Design of Samsung Source: (Samsung Electronics , 2015) These three significant divisions of the organization work free of one another. The organization attests that this guides in accomplishing operational cooperative energies as well as reinforces the individual capacities of these divisions. Be that as it may, in all actuality the organization despite everything has an authoritative plan which is vertically organized and excessively progressive. The orders in the organization stream start to finish which postpones dynamic as well as goes about as a wellspring of dissatisfaction among the workforce. Its imperious authoritative structure is presumably the explanation that organization took too long to even think about understanding the estimation of innovation(Worstall, 2012).However it can't be denied that vertical joining procedure of the organization empowers cost-proficiency which helps the organization in winning upper hand. Based on writing contributed by Burns and Stalker (1961) refered to in Chun(2015)Samsung is an unthinking association which is described by high level and vertical separation, severe progressive structure, incorporated dynamic and high formalization of jobs and obligations. Passage Strategies and International Competitive Strategies Samsung has an assorted worldwide portfolio and consequently appreciates a broad worldwide inclusion. While picking another commercial center, Samsung essentially targets accomplishing economies of scale. A careful statistical surveying is directed and those business sectors are chosen where the organization can get less expensive elements of creation and sell for the most part normalized items with constrained limitation (Levine, 2015). Samsung lean towards cost-authority over separation system while working globally. Indeed the organization has been generally condemned for its system to duplicate adversaries. Out of the four normal remote market passage procedures: permitting, joint endeavor, sending out and sole endeavor, the organization for the most part utilizes joint endeavor approach (Glowik, 2016). Samsung has confidence in framing vital connections which has supported the firm in developing as a world-class driving innovative firm (Levine, 2015). Its differentiated portfoli o helps in hazard avoidance at commonly when there are unfavorable circumstances in any of the accomplice countries (Levine, 2015). Operational Control, Production and SCM The whole operational control and assembling framework in Samsung is vertically coordinated which helps the organization is exceeding expectations in its gracefully chain (Degun, 2014). The tasks the executives and control in Samsung Electronics is represented by the fundamental Japanese methodology wherein development was concentrated upon(Jung, 2014). In spite of the fact that quality trade off was carefully restricted however association was urged to be more financially savvy. The activities rotated around minimal effort fabricating frameworks alongside being client driven (Jung, 2014).The generally speaking worth chain of Samsung is portrayed in figure beneath: Figure 2 Operational Value Chain in Samsung Electronics Source: (Jung, 2014) For guaranteeing supported operational command over its exercises, Samsung Electronics has a consistently audits it business against the exposure control arrangement every year and in this manner takes restorative activities in instances of deviations (Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 2009). Another method of checking tasks in Samsung Electronics is dealing with the general worth chain in this manner producing criticalness for hierarchical partners. A culture of consistent improvement of procedure was additionally depended through operational control (Jung, 2014). The creation in Samsung hardware is bolstered by six sigma approach that was received in 1993 by upgrading the general administration approach towards production(Mo Yang et al, 2007). Despite the fact that at first Six Sigma was received distinctly to deal with the nature of definite items however at the appropriate time of time it got one of the most noteworthy business standards for Samsung Electronics. Later dependent on quality development inside the association and its auxiliaries over the world, quality improvements were guaranteed even in business forms as well. The inevitable result was arrangement of value yields to the purchasers, supporting advancements through new item improvements, heightened benefits and rising client loyalty(Sabri, 2015). Gracefully chain the executives (SCM) in Samsung Electronics has been one of the significant columns that have upheld authoritative development past a wide margin. Numerous advancements identified with SCM assumes a predominant job in dealing with its flexibly chain consequently incorporating its universal exercises alongside supporting developments. The most noteworthy SCM innovation conveyed by Samsung gadgets is the timely arrangement and booking (APS) frameworks which was embraced in 1990s yet is viewed as exceptionally successful(Mo Yang et al, 2007). Constant developments have been made inside the framework to help outer and inward natural changes. The flexibly chain of Samsung Electronics is delineated in figure beneath: Figure 3Layers in Samsung Electronics flexibly chain and their significance Source: (Han et al, 2013) The flexibly chain of Samsung is created in a way that a large portion of its creation are consumed inside the Samsung gatherings and by its associate inustries. It is clear from the way that creation by Samsung Thailand is offered to Samsung in European nations just as that in Brazil and Korea (Christiansen, 2015). Consequently it works as a profoundly coordinated framework wherein it goes about as a maker just as shopper by and large. One of the significant issues inside this flexibly chain is that, Samsung Electronics lays more accentuation on residential organizations instead of on internat

Should I Apply Early Action or Regular Decision to a Reach School TKG

Should I Apply Early Action or Regular Decision to a Reach School Early Action is an application option offered by some colleges and universities. Early Action (EA) application means that you apply early, typically on or around the Early Decision deadline in early November. You then receive a response of acceptance, rejection, or deferral in December. If you are deferred, your application will be considered during the Regular Decision cycle. If you are rejected, you cannot submit another application Regular Decision. You can apply EA even if you are applying Early Decision to another institution. Applying Early Action usually does not give you, the applicant, the boosted chance of admission that applying Early Decision can provide. However, there are benefits regardless of whether a school is a reach, target/likely, or safety.  In order to apply EA, you need to have your applications completed and ready to submit by the November deadline. This means that you have worked ahead, typically having started during the summer. If you have everything in o rder by the deadline, submitting early offers an opportunity for more security and less unknown come Regular Decision deadlines. If you’ve gotten into your dream school EA, you may not even need to submit any applications Regular Decision. You could be done! Applying EA also shows schools that you have your life together and your stuff in order â€" if your application is solid. If you have to rush to meet an EA deadline, resulting in sloppy work, you should not apply EA regardless of the selectivity of the school. Instead, take the time between early November and the Regular Decision deadlines in January to make your application as strong as it can be.  If Early Action applicants aren’t given the significantly preferential treatment Early Decision applicants receive, and they don’t have to commit to attending the institution, how does an EA admissions option benefit the schools that offer it? Offering Early Action as an application option helps schools disperse the applicatio n load. The number of applications schools receive has skyrocketed, with many receiving tens of thousands of applications for less than 2000 seats. Reviewing all of the applications in just a few months is overwhelming, so accepting applications earlier helps to reduce the stress.  Now that we’ve broken down Early Action, the next thing we have to crack into is how to identify a reach school. A well-chosen reach school is not impossible. It is a school where you fall on the low end of the “Middle-50” range that many schools provide in the admissions-centric section of their websites â€" not below the Middle-50.  This means that reach schools are personal. A reach school for you versus a reach school for your friend could be very different. For example, Harvard is a reach for nearly everyone, but Haverford or Bates (both very good schools, but with higher acceptance rates) are reaches for many students. And that’s perfectly fine. Finding the right school is about identifyin g the perfect fit, not how hard it is to get in.  So how does a school being a reach impact how you should choose to apply? And should you apply EA if that is an option?  Early Decision offers the best chance of getting into a reach school. If you are applying to a reasonable reach school, you should be applying ED. If you are not applying ED, applying EA does not make a huge difference when it comes to your chance of admission. However, applying EA does help you as an applicant.  The final verdict is that applying EA to a reach is a good idea if you cannot apply Early Decision and you have your applications ready to go. The benefits to you personally and for your future planning are worth it, even if there isn’t a significant statistical advantage. If you are unsure of your college list, send us a note. We help students build perfect-fit college lists that get them into a dream school.

Depression Symptoms And Treatment Of Depression - 935 Words

If you ve been treated for depression but your symptoms haven t improved, you may have treatment-resistant depression. Taking an antidepressant or going to psychological counseling (psychotherapy) eases depression symptoms for most people. But with treatment-resistant depression, standard treatments aren t enough. They may not help much at all, or your symptoms may improve, only to keep coming back. If your primary care doctor prescribed antidepressants and your depression symptoms continue despite treatment, ask your doctor if he or she can recommend a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health conditions (psychiatrist). The psychiatrist will review your medical history and may: Ask about life situations†¦show more content†¦For some people, it takes even longer. Increase your dose. Because people respond to medications differently, you may benefit from a higher dose of medication than is usually prescribed. Ask your doctor whether this is an option for you — don t change your dose on your own. Switch antidepressants. For a number of people, the first antidepressant tried isn t effective. You may need to try several before you find one that works for you. Add another type of antidepressant. Your doctor may prescribe two different classes of antidepressants at the same time. That way they ll affect a wider range of brain chemicals linked to mood. These chemicals are neurotransmitters that include dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. Add a medication generally used for another condition. Your doctor may prescribe a medication that s generally used for another mental or physical health disorder, along with an antidepressant. This approach, known as augmentation, may include antipsychotics, mood stabilizers (lithium or anti-seizure medications), anti-anxiety medications, thyroid hormone, beta blockers, stimulants or other drugs. Consider the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genotyping test. 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The And Its Effects On Native American Populations

Socially and clinically these can have crucial implications for Native American populations. At the social level, it indicates a large problem as the possibility for social maladjustment not only becomes seen through the eyes of subjective settler citizens within the United States, but it also makes these subjective opinions objective through the scientific gaze (Foucault, 1988). This, therefore, not only ensures that Native Americans be prevented access to things like jobs (for employment screening), but may also be at a higher chance to be criminalized due to their cultural beliefs since the MMPI-2 plays a role in forensic psychology (Butcher Williams, 2009). Not only that, but, as Oliver (2004) points out, â€Å"It is not so much that the†¦show more content†¦In order to really grasp how to approach such a problem from a social work perspective, it becomes important to have a firm understanding of what it might mean to have social work aimed at decolonization. Sium, Des ai, and Ritskes (2012) say that â€Å"Decolonization does not exist without a framework that centers and privileges Indigenous life, community, and epistemology† (p. ii). As such, it becomes necessary to understand social work’s indebtedness to Western epistemological structures and the necessity for change. Rather than understand this problem as one that operates within an existential rubric of gains and losses in which the MMPI-2 could achieve some multicultural understanding, we must begin to think more deeply about the libidinal economies which make such an achievement impossible at the epistemic and ontological levels. The MMPI-2’s commitment to Western epistemologies ensures that a shift towards Indigenous ways of knowing would necessarily undo its project, and, more generally, threaten the entire field of psychiatry as the reason/madness nexus is thrown into question (Hill et al., 2012; Foucault, 1988). 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In this paper, I will identify how a counselor can reduce the effects of racism and discrimination that has affected Asian and Native Americans. Additionally, I will address what role a counselor plays in reducing the stigma of mental illness within both Asian and Native American’s community. Furthermore, I willRead MoreLasting Effects of European Colonization on Native American Indians.1047 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Colonisation on North American Indians Since the Europeans set foot on North American soil in 1620,they have had a devastating effect on the native population. I will be discussing the long term effect of North American colonisation on the Native Americans, focusing on such issues as employment opportunities, the environment, culture and traditions, health, as well as social justice. I will begin with the important issue of employment opportunities. The unemployment rate forRead MoreNative American And The American Of Native Americans1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe Native American population has suffered many tragedies at the hands of the United States government, from their first interactions through the mid-twentieth century. Government policies concerning American Indians worked in conjunction with the prejudices harbored by the majority of the white population in the United States to suppress Native American liberties and strip them of their cultural identity. These policies gave little to no regard for Native American customs, personal expression,Read MoreTable 2a Case Study1226 Words   |  5 Pages Table 2A contains average marginal effects for key variables in the study. In particular, when compared to white applicants, the probability of getting a loan approved decreases on average by 9.48% for American Indians, 3.96% for Asians, 8.49% for African-Ameri cans, and 5.95% for Native Hawaiians. 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Essay on Your Inner Fish - 1056 Words

Discoveries in Biology- Your Inner Fish Your Inner Fish The book Your Inner Fish by Neil Shubin is an interesting novel that shows the evolution of some of our major structures through time. We all know about evolution and the monkeys but we never really looked in on evolution through â€Å"our inner fish†. The book was appealing because it helps to understand how we have come to be with some of the parts of our bodies we take for granted, like how we got our developed smell or our advanced color vision. Your Inner Fish is a good way to jump into the evolution of our ancestors and become more knowledgeable about where we came from. This book helped deepen my understanding of human biology in a handful of ways. I have never really learned†¦show more content†¦Our similarities are so eye catching that it is hard to get back into thinking about hominids. Shubin describes in the texts some reason why we have evolved the way that we have. All evolutions of the creatures have changed into what they need to be for their surroundings. What I liked least about this book was it was hard to follow sometimes and the text got a little overwhelming with vocabulary. The intense cells names or the hard to pronounce genes were hard to follow because I had to stop every time. Once Shubin got on his flow about some cell type it seemed like he just kept going and going and the more I read, the more confused I would be. Some areas may be superfluous but the areas that are unnecessary flow with the book. Like the introductions of the chapters, Shubin always starts with a story or and experience closely related to the topic so it brings you in. The parts that could be taken out help with the understanding of the reading because it isn’t that easy to follow. What I liked best was the stories at the beginnings of the chapters so it is strange that they are what could be taken out. 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Hamilton Argues Against A Bill Of Rights Essay Example For Students

Hamilton Argues Against A Bill Of Rights Essay During the late 18th century the Antifederalists argued against the constitution on the grounds that it did not contain a bill of rights. They believed that without a list of personal freedoms, the new national government might abuse its powers and that the states would be immersed by an all to dominant and influential national government. The Antifederalists worried that the limits on direct voting and the long terms of the president and senators, supplied by the constitution, would create a population of elites and aristocrats, which in turn would eventually take away power from the people. They also feared that the president might become another monarch. In other words, the Antifederalists ultimately felt that the new Constitution was undemocratic. Supporters of a constitution, lacking a bill of rights, were called Federalists. The Federalists included members such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, whom wrote a series of essays that were designed to inform and persuade the public of their views pertaining to the issues of the day. Among these views was whether a bill of rights should be added to the constitution. The Federalists, via Alexander Hamilton, dealt with this issue in a foremost way in their 84th essay. In the 84th essay Hamilton begins by explaining that a bill of rights, which are in their origin, stipulations between kings and their subjects, abridgements of prerogative in favor of privilege, reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince. Therefore Hamilton states that bills of rights have no application to constitutions professedly founded upon the power of the people, and that under the constitution the people surrender nothing, and as they retain everything they have no need of particular reservations. Another argument used by Hamilton was reminding, those who criticize the constitution for lacking a Bill of Rights, that many of the state constitutions do not contain one either. He believes that the Constitution, as is, effectively includes a bill of rights. The constitution contained various provisions in favor of particular privileges and rights. Provisions such as the power to impeach, writ of habeas corpus, the allowance for no bill of attainder or ex post facto law, no granting of title of nobility, trials that shall be by a jury in the state which the crime was committed within, and that punishment for treason will not extend to family members of the person convicted of that crime. To Hamilton these privileges and rights amount to a bill of rights. Hamilton continues by writing the constitution of each State is its bill of rights. And that the proposed Constitution, if adopted, will be the bill of rights of the Union. Hamilton goes further and affirms that bills of rights, in the sense and to the extent in which they are contended for, are not only unnecessary in the proposed Constitution but would even be dangerous. Hamilton believes that a bill of rights would be dangerous because it would contain various exceptions to powers which are not granted; and, on this very account, would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted. For why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do? Hamilton then asks his readers to ponder if the liberty of the press shall not be restrained, when no power is given by which restrictions may be imposed? Hamilton believes that if the constitution refers to not restraining the press that in effect it has conferred a regulating power. Using the provision against retraining the liberty of the press to point out how a bill of rights might be misused because it implies that a power to prescribe proper regulations concerning it was intend ed to be vested in the national government. I believe that Hamiltons argument against a bill of rights, in its basic sense, was that the federal government could only act where its power had been plainly spelled out in the constitution. .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 , .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 .postImageUrl , .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 , .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4:hover , .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4:visited , .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4:active { border:0!important; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4:active , .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4 .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc69500c6fd9737435fc6741e6192aef4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genocide in Guatemala Essay I thoroughly disagree with Hamilton and find his arguments unconvincing. In order to reach his conclusions it seems as if he was looking the lens of his day and not through the lens of the future, like so many of his colleagues. To me it .

A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Essays

A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Essays A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Essay A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Essay I will rearrange some extracts from the speech into stanzas – the structure of writing related to poetry – which I find to have strong links in the address. Referring to theories in linguistics dealing with parallelism, didactic poetry, rhythm and metrics I will try to prove the idea that the speaker uses rhythm as a tool for creating an emotionally agreeable atmosphere and an easily memorized message in his performance. In subchapter 4. 3, the role of parallelism and foregrounding in the complex of the linguistic devices employed in the speech will be analyzed. They are the tools which strengthen or weaken objects in the chosen extract, depending on the goal which the speaker sets up. The subchapter is divided into two sub-subchapters, focused on syntactic and lexical forms of parallelism 4. 3. 1 and the relationship with alliteration 4. 3. 2. Rhetoric will be in focus in chapter 4. 4, particularly, the lexical register which reflects the intention to introduce forthcoming changes in the new administration’s policy. The attention will be drawn to the choice of words related to the innovative projects, which appear to be as presumable as the change of generations. In his speech, Obama cites other famous orators both directly and indirectly. Chapter 4. 5 draws parallels between some points in the address and speeches of Dr Martin Luther King and Rabbi Joachim Prinz. 3 In the inaugural address, as well as in his other speeches, Obama uses elements of preaching, which have already been noticed in mass media and academic studies. Chapter 4. 6 draws attention to the use of words from the Bible, Afro-American traditional sermon and the role of transcendental theme in political rhetoric in the USA. In chapter 5, I will connect the discussed issues on the linguistic devices employed in the speech, which aim to maximize the effectiveness of the delivery of the message. The discussion on this subject will be presented here. Chapter 6 is the conclusion, where the analyzed aspects of various linguistic discourses will be summarized. I will conclude that their combination makes a significant contribution to the success of the speech made in public. 2. Context: the historical, cultural and social circumstances The social and historical context plays a significant role in understanding the message of the speech and analyzing it. The term context is defined as: those parts of a text preceding and following any particular passage, giving it a meaning fuller or more identifiable that if it were read in isolation. The context of any statement may be understood to comprise . . . he biographical, social, cultural, and historical circumstances in which it is made (including the intended audience or reader). (The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, context) In the following chapter I will describe the social and cultural aspects of the context preceding the performing of the Inaugural Address. 4 2. 1 Social and cultural background In November 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American president in the history of the United States. His electoral victory was considered to be a breakthrough in the social and political aspects of the American society. He embodied the dream of millions of his fellow citizens to come true, including Martin Luther King Jr. , with whom Obama is often compared and whose principles he maintains. BBC News stated that â€Å"for many . . . Barack Obama’s presidency will be the culmination of Dr King’s dream† (1). The day before the inauguration, Obama drew attention to the resemblance when he â€Å"helped to decorate a community project in Washington in memory of Dr King† and used his idea for a deeper alikeness by saying that â€Å"we resolve that as we walk, we must walk together. And as we go forward in the work of renewing the promise of this nation, let’s remember King’s lesson – that out separate dreams are really one†. (BBC News, 1) It is remarkable that, besides the fact that Obama is biracial, religion is said not to have played any particular role in his childhood, since his father had no particular influence on him and his mother was â€Å"an agnostic humanist†, while â€Å"the grandparents who helped to raise him were not religious† (F. I. Greenstein, 209). The President represents a large number of the Americans in the sense of his ethnic and social background. Being dark skinned, he was brought up by his white maternal grandparents apart from a few years when he lived and attended primary school in Indonesia. Obama later wrote that, during his youth he experienced â€Å"a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect† (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 2007). Here could be mentioned the role of his wife, Michelle, a genuine representative of the African American population in the electoral campaign, but further discussion of this is beyond the remit of this essay. 5 2. 2. Historical / political context The presidency of an African American person would probably not have been possible a few decades ago; many people claimed that they would never have dreamed that they would see a dark skinned man becoming a president of the United States. Obama realizes this, having said that he is a son of a man who â€Å"less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant† (Obama, 5). A new generation has grown up since Martin Luther King Jr. gathered millions of people for peaceful marching to Washington in order to campaign for the identical rights for all races. The political situation is also an important aspect of Obama’s victory. The former president’s administration involved the country in a wearisome war with Iraq, an unpopular war from which the country seems unable to extricate itself. Along with a military mission in Afghanistan, it has cost an enormous amount of money to the tax payers. On top of that, the deep recession in the economy, which started at the time of the election debates and which is said to be the worst one since the Great Depression, in a general understanding, damaged the popularity of the Republicans. A new, â€Å"fresh face† of a relatively young candidate appeared on the political stage at this moment, who â€Å"promise[d] healing† instead of fighting. Not only did he promise changes, but he also spoke a language of young people, which associates with ability, opportunity and making new crucial decisions (Capone, 2972). The candidate, Barack Obama, made a â€Å"meteoric rise to national prominence† (Greenstein, 206). 3. Methodology This essay’s research is qualitative and the speech will be analyzed by employing a number of theoretical approaches in the fields of semantics, pragmatics and rhetorical criticism. The use of various linguistic devices employed in the speech, which contribute to the aim of any 6 speech and, particularly, a public one held by a politician, will be examined. Thus, the aim is to analyze the complexity of the devices in the context and the intertextuality, which means that â€Å"all texts are . . . composed of other (pre-existing) texts . . . held together in a state of constant interaction . . . [hence] all text exist in a state of partiality and inter-dependency with other texts† (A Dictionary of Critical Theory, â€Å"intertextuality†). The format of C-essay does not present the opportunity to examine the whole speech from all possible approaches, hence, I will first analyze some excerpts from it in a framework of singular notions related to the theoretical basis of the above mentioned fields and then I will draw parallels between the notions. Roderick P. Hart’s conceptions on modern rhetorical criticism and Jacob L. Mey’s on pragmatics issues will be widely considered while completing the work on this paper. I will also refer to a study on Barack Obama’s South Carolina speech by A. Capone. The prepared text of President-elect Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address, as provided by the Presidential Inaugural Committee, is in the Appendix and referred to according to its numbered pages. 4. Rhetorical and Linguistic Strategies In his performance, Obama employs a complex of rhetorical and linguistic strategies, which allow the speaker to introduce and deliver the message in favorable context. Analyzing rhetoric, Hart says that â€Å"human history has been written by great persons authoring great orations for social betterment. Often, these great statements have seemed more poetic than pragmatic, as satisfying to the heart as to the head†(4). In order to distinguish a poem from a narrative story or any other type of message, I will try to highlight rhythm by employing a number of linguistic devices including metre and parallelism. Simpson defines metre as â€Å"an organized pattern of strong and weak syllables† and 7 its â€Å"repetition into a regular phrasing across a line of verse† (15). Stanza is a product of correspondence of and â€Å"the length, metrical scheme and rhythmical pattern [of the verse lines] with those of at least one other such group of verse lines in a poem† (The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature, â€Å"stanza†). An extensive use of pronouns ‘we’, ‘our’ and ‘us’ in combination with a particular lexical register aims to foreground the desired effect of unity and communion the speaker and the audience. 4. 1. The use of personal deixis Deictic expressions, known as deixis, can be interpreted only in the context in which they are used. The word deictic derives from the Greek language and is used for pointing a subject. I will focus on the use of deixis employed in the speech which, I will argue, creates an effect of unity on one side and â€Å"outsiders† on the other. In his analysis of Obama’s electoral speech, Capone indicates that â€Å"a speaker is responsible for the positions or opinions advanced, but need not necessarily be the animator or even the author† (2967). He refers to Goffman for definitions of â€Å"a principal in the legalistic sense†, which involves imposing â€Å"self-identification† as we not I. (2967). By doing so, the speaker â€Å"become[s] a representative of the people† (2967). This pattern of seemingly speaking on behalf of the audience is focused upon in the present chapter. The use of person deixis in the speech, in these circumstances, is worth investigating. Unlike his previous public performances, where Obama aimed to convince the audience that he was the right candidate for the position of a congressman or, later, a president, here he is a victor and addressing his message from a position of Head of State. He, probably, does not need to put his personality in focus any longer, but rather needs the support for his future challenges. In this case the pronoun I, which was used generously in Obama’s previous 8 peeches, emerges only three times in his inaugural address in its beginning: â€Å"I stand here today . . . I thank President Bush . . . Today I say to you . . . â€Å" (Obama 1). The first person pronoun â€Å"I† does not appear any more in the performance. Obama favors the third person plural pronouns we, us and our(s) in the rest of the speech the pronouns which play their significant role in creating a sense of unity of the spe aker with the audience. We, us and our(s) are employed 61, 20 and 65 times respectively and are, probably, the most often used words of the speech. The speaker does not distance himself from the American people; instead, everything the president proclaims further seems to be issued by us – the people of America. According to Capone, â€Å"a political speech is in itself an interpretation of the audience’s feelings and needs† that allow â€Å"the audience to build its own intentionality† while a politician reflexes them (2969) . The above mentioned pronouncements are employed as the inclusive ones throughout the text. The speaker, in this case, is a member of the society to which he speaks. Whether he speaks of the previous achievements or the future plans, the orator claims them to be a commonality, which means that he shares responsibility for everything being said with the audience. As a result, the audience seems to become a co-author of the speech, providing that they approve of it, and they do so by frequent applause. Thus, the president speaks on behalf of the American people: â€Å"On this day we gather . . . we come to proclaim . . †. The addresser has a message to his opponents, and the pronouns they, their, those and some are served as if to indicate a distance between the American people, of whose behalf Obama speaks , and those â€Å"who question the scale of our [the Americans] ambitions† (Obama 3) . The victory in the election, presumably, allows the new president to associate himself with the majority of the nation and to look down at â€Å"the cynics [who] fail to u nderstand [is] that the ground has shifted beneath them† (Obama 3). By carefully chosen pronouns, the speaker foregrounds the Americans, whose ideas he articulates and backgrounds the rest, who â€Å"have 9 forgotten what this country has already done† (Obama 3). Having repeated by then we and our dozens of times and created a panoramic picture of the nation’s achievements, the present state and the future challenges, Obama has little difficulty opposing and disparaging â€Å"those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame† ( Obama 2). 4. 2. Rhythm Among the complex of the devices that Obama operates in the speech, I will argue in the following sub-chapter, the rhythm plays a significant role. Rhythm contributes to delivering the message in a most effective and agreeable way. Ancient Greeks used didactic poetry, not as a literary genre but, rather, to give instructions applying to it â€Å"as being more easily remembered than prose† (The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, â €Å"didactic poetry†). Moreover, poetry brings sentimental feelings which either thrusts disturbing thoughts or stresses them, depending on the context of the text. Words often have double meaning and can be interpreted differently. In poetry one can â€Å"play† with words employing their phonetic features, metaphors and sonic effect. In the following excerpt from the speech, the first line in the first four stanzas (the fourth one, however, has a conjunction â€Å"and†, which neither disturbs the rhythm nor change the meaning) starts with the same phrase â€Å"we will† followed by a verb phrase. The other three lines follow the main idea expressed in the first one. They are similar both rhythmically and metrically. The last stanza is different in the structure and introverted, since â€Å"the thought veers from the main theme and then returns thereto† (Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), â€Å"Parallelism†, 2/4). Instead of starting, it finishes with the same construction â€Å"we will† followed by a verb phrase. In the speech, a vestige of a poem emerges from time to time, both in terms of rhythm and lyrical contexts of the word related to nature (as the Romantic poets would do) for describing 10 practical, moreover, technological purposes. I will try to rearrange an extract into stanzas, where each one (except the last one) consists of four lines and is, therefore, called quatrain (The Concise Oxford, â€Å"stanza†). The last stanza brings a conclusion; and the last verse in the stanza sounds as if it were a final chord in a piece of music: We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools, and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. 11 All this we can do. And all this we will do. (Obama 2) The sun and winds are invoked to symbolise man’s need for the energy necessary to drive the economy. Obama does not speak a ‘dry’ language of economists; he prefers the language of poets. Hart compares an orator – a persuader – with a poet being â€Å"artistically creative. Both work with symbols to breathe life into ideas† and use â€Å"their imaginations to engage their audiences imaginations† (10). The meaning of every sentence rests beyond the bare words – it is metaphorical. Analysing arguments, Hart refers to Toulmin’s work, applying to the term major claims as: a) the broadest, most encompassing, statements made by the speaker, b) lie at the level of abstraction higher than all other statements the speaker makes, c) represent what the speaker hopes will become the â€Å"residual message† in listeners minds (i. . , the main thoughts remembered when the details of the message have been forgotten), and d) are frequently repeated or restated in the message† (Hart 98). In the extract above, every sentence contains a major claim, according to its definition. The message does not consist of specific words having definitive meaning of the work planned; they are, rather, â€Å"the broadest, most encompassing† . What seems to strengthen the message is its rhythmical construction and repetition. Unlike the ‘prosaic’ parts of the speech, where the listener does not need to employ their imagination, the poetical ones require it in order to fill the gap in the meanings between â€Å"the sun and the winds†, which should â€Å"fuel our cars†, or work out the way â€Å"to wield technology’s wonders† (Obama 2). The structures of these stanzas follow the rules of synthetic parallelism, where â€Å"the theme is worked up by the building of thought upon similar thought† (Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), â€Å"Parallelism†, 2/4). These linguistic tools contribute to the speaker’s foregrounding of the idea of forthcoming changes by repeating the same or similar syntactic structures along with the 12 same phrase â€Å"we will†. Lexically, the stanzas also correspond. The theme of building and reconstruction the country’s economy progresses throughout the block with a final ‘chord’ where Obama seems to have changed his pre-presidential slogan â€Å"yes, we can† to â€Å"yes, we will†. 4. 3. Parallelism and foregrounding Parallelism is a product of â€Å"balanced arrangement achieved through repetition of the same syntactic form† (The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, â€Å"parallelism†). Analyzing the text, one can find both syntactic and lexical parallels. Lexical parallelism is an effect of repetition of the same words or certain relationships between words, mostly belonging to the same word group, such as verbs or nouns. Giving examples of parallelism, scholars often refer to poetry and rhetoric. It seems that what they have in common is their appeal to the listener’s emotions rather than pragmatism. Foregrounding is based on â€Å"giving unusual prominence to one element or property of the text† (The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, â€Å"foregrounding†). The devices such as repetition and giving a favorable syntactic position are commonly employed for creating a foreground effect. The background is, hence, a weaker and significantly less important component in the text is used as a tool for stressing foregrounding. I would like to suggest that the following piece of speech consists of lexical parallels. To start with, the nouns ‘strength’ and ‘weakness’ are antonyms; by putting them in the same line the speaker creates the effect of parallelism based on contradiction. He continuously contrasts and contradicts the rights and wrongs in the text until ‘goodness’ eventually prevails over ‘evil’. For we know that our patchwork heritage is strength, not a weakness. 13 We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from the dark chapter stronger and united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace. (Obama 4) It is interesting that by contradicting and drawing parallels, the speaker achieves the effect of foregrounding. Before pointing out the goal, the speaker explains the reason for it and, hence, prepares the ground for the challenge, which seems achievable afterwards. Lexical and syntactic repetitions strengthen both the background and foreground of the text. Speaking about the diversity of the country, Obama uses the effect of antithesis making contrasts when mentioning the religious groups. The diversity of religions evolves from being simply contrastive, which might in other contexts be interpreted as divisive and, therefore, a problematic issue, to cohesion and solidarity of the purpose. Those elements, which rest on the side of ‘meanness’, fade away under the pressure of ‘goodness’. The following compounds of phrases seem predictable then: â€Å"hatreds – pass . . . tribe – dissolve . . . humanity – reveal† (Obama 4). 14 4. 3. 1Parallelism syntactic and lexical The following extract is an example of both syntactic and lexical parallelism. The sentences begin with and are stressed by a prepositional phrase â€Å"for us†. It is followed by the noun phrase consisting of the pronoun â€Å"they†, which is followed by two verb phrases joined by a conjunction â€Å"and†. The sentences are not alike in the structures. That is to say, although their first verb phrase is intransitive, in the first two sentences, it is post-modified by a noun phrase and a prepositional phrase respectively. In the third sentence, the same prepositional phrase post-modifies the two intransitive verb phrases â€Å"fought† and â€Å"died†. These verbs have related meaning where fighting causes dying. In the second sentence, the phrases â€Å"toiled in sweatshops† and â€Å"plowed the hard earth† are quasi-synonymous as they both mean doing hard work. In addition to the parallelism, the repetition and the heading position of the phrase ‘for us’ produces the effect of foregrounding. The repetition and relationship of the phrases â€Å"they† and â€Å"for us† make the message of the passage more coherent. Everything â€Å"they† did, they did â€Å"for us†. In this case, what â€Å"forebearers† [sic] did, is not signified merely as a list of jobs, but rather as the effort they made for â€Å"a future generation†. The language devices serve as a promoter of the message here. For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; 15 endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sanh. (Obama 2) 4. 3. 2. Parallelism and alliteration The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms defines the term alliteration as â€Å"the repetition of the same sounds – usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables – in any sequence of neighboring words†, remarking that in some poetry â€Å"alliteration rather than rhythm is the chief principle of repetition† (â€Å"alliteration†). The following block of supposed poetry contains both of the devices alliteration and parallelism. The adjectives â€Å"less† and â€Å"last† are not only repeated in the same stanza, but they also start with the same consonant â€Å"l†, consist of a single syllable and have similarity in the meaning. They both related to the tendency to minimize something to an unimportant level. Although the two first stanzas begin with the same pronoun â€Å"our†, they differ in the choice of linguistic tools. The effect of parallelism of the following two stanzas rests upon contradiction. Alliteration is more vaguely expressed in the words starting with consonant â€Å"p† such as â€Å"pat†, â€Å"protecting†, â€Å"putting† and â€Å"passed† in the second stanza, and is absent in the third one. These two stanzas contain verbs and/or verb phrases having opposite meaning; they contradict each other and the parallelism is based on contradiction. Every stanza consists of a single, complex sentence, where intensity is accumulating in the first two lines in stanza 1 and 2 (in the third stanza that is line 1), and accelerating to its climax in the following line 3 and 4 relatively. Calling for action, Obama stresses the last syllables in 16 phrasal verbs verbs of action pick up and dust off. The choice of these multi-word verbs obviously reflects the desire to emphasize the need for action: up and off associate with impulse and movement. The tension is growing from the first to the last verse with the conclusion coming as a final chord: Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions – that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America. (Obama 2) 4. 4. Rhetoric: lexical chain for the planned changes Hart defines the word lexicon as â€Å"words that are unique to a group or individual and that have specific rhetorical power . . . [;] by using preferred words a speaker can establish the right 17 to address the audience† (156). Considering the fact that rhetoric is a persuasive use of language, Hart is insistent that â€Å"rhetoric is an art . . . [which] creates a story out of nothing, using symbols to bring to life feelings we had forgotten we had, plans we had not yet considered† (7). He continues: â€Å"the story rhetoric tells is always a story with a purpose; it is never told for its own sake† (7). In the following chapter, I will draw attention to some rhetorical techniques which contribute to the delivery of the message. More precisely, they are two of five â€Å"basic moves† as Hart define them: â€Å"(2) the speaker must come to be regarded as a helper rather than an exploiter; (3) the speaker must convince the listener that new choices need to be made† (7). In his address, Obama proclaims that the â€Å"time of standing pat . . . has surely passed† and the nation is to â€Å"begin again the work on remaking America† (2). In order to indicate forthcoming changes in various areas and to stress the novelties planned, he parallels them with ‘a new generation’ and ‘a new age’. He makes a specific lexical chain the choice of vocabulary in order to indicate the expected changes in the society – whose aim is to create the atmosphere of unity and agreement similar to the ideal American family. The theme of ‘unity’ goes throughout the speech, and that is done by a carefully generated lexical chain as well as repetition. The feeling of unity is constructed in the very beginning – in the greeting: â€Å"My fellow citizens†, where the president identifies himself as one belonging to the society, rubbing away the invisible border between the stage and the crowd. The following step is to design the image of the nation as a family, where the ideals and traditions are transmitted from generation to generation- the word which is used quite extensively in the address. Obama creates ‘a solid ground’ for a consensus of the main issues with the Americans from the very beginning by claiming that â€Å"We the People have remained faithful to the ideas of our forebearers [sic], and true to our founding documents† (1). This idea is developed and reused in such a way that it reappears in the very end of the speech, where Obama cites the 8 words of â€Å"our (the Americans) father† â€Å"in the year of America’s birth† calling for unity and commitment. 4. 5. Citing other orators Obama has numerous times been compared with the black American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, and he himself draws attention to such a comparison. The day before the inauguration BBC News reported that â€Å"he reflected that Tues day’s inauguration ceremony would take place on the same mall where many thousands gathered in 1963 to hear Martin Luther King’s lesson â€Å"I have A Dream† speech† (1). In fact, there was another political leader, who made his speech on the same day just before Dr King did the national president of the American Jewish Congress Rabbi Joachim Prinz, whose words Obama cites and whose message he reintroduces. â€Å"The time . . . has come† phrase is excerpted from Dr Prinz’s speech. His thought of â€Å"the time . . . for us to work together, for it is not enough to hope together for it is not enough to pray togetherâ€Å" is edited and reused in Obama’s speech (Prinz, Civil rights). The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit† is the phrase which not only resembles Dr Prinz’s but proclaims a new â€Å"reaffirming† cycle in American history. Obama’s style of addressing the audience is also resembles Prinz’s. They both start with a rather formal address, changing then to â€Å"direct address . . . , a feature often found in personal correspondence†, such as Prinz’s â€Å"our fathers taught us†, â€Å"our children, yours and mine†, â€Å"we share† and Obama’s â€Å"our forebearers†, â€Å"our Founding Fathers†, â€Å"men and women and children of every race and every faith†, â€Å"we remain†. 9 4. 6. The elements of preaching According to discourses of cultural criticism, Obama’s rhetorical style may be described as an American one. Hart refers to a number of scholars when stating that â€Å"one of the most distinctive things about American rhetoric is its curious combination of Transcendental and Pragmatic themes† where he continues â€Å"the transcendent strain in discourse gives it an â€Å"elevating† tone, the sort of tone one hears on inauguration day in the United States†(240). On this day, the president might feel inclined to mention â€Å"the words of Scripture†. He avoids favouring one single religion by referring to â€Å"scripture† rather than the Bible, which relates to any religion in the world and, although he cites Bible, the values he mentions are universal: the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that the noble idea, passed from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. Obama 2) In that block, one can feel the growing tension, which comes as a climax in poetry and culmination in a traditional, Afro-American sermon. It has elements of Gospel, where rhythm changes its pattern while the main idea is repeated. Obama’s style of public performance has been compared with preaching, particularly that which belongs to â€Å"the tradition of AfroAmerican preaching discourse†. Capone notices th at â€Å"among the characteristics which parallel Obama’s speech style with Afro-American religious traditions is rhythmic structure, sensitivity and ‘elevation’ (2970). 0 Hart argues that the Americans are â€Å"a nation that seems to need a Holy Purpose for doing almost anything† (240). Speaking on politics and business, Obama â€Å"strengthens† his states by referring to the Bible again – â€Å"hatreds shall someday pass . . . the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve . . . our common humanity shall reveal itself â€Å"(4). Transcendental theme supports the pragmatic thoughts, in other words, two themes collaborate so that the message maximizes its efficiency. 5. Conclusion The analysis of Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address suggests that the speech was made by a skilful orator, who employed various linguistic and rhetoric devices for the efficiency of the address. They are tightly linked together and, at times, it is hard to separate one from another as they are often multifunctional. I would like to suggest that the high level of education of the speaker was helpful when setting various tools in collaboration, so that the use of them produced the effect of a desirable message, the one which the audience accepted as if it had come from it self. Learning from Ancient Greeks, President uses didactic poetry: persuading, convincing and easy-to-be-remembered rhythmic style when addressing to a wide audience of the Americans. Didactic poetry rests upon repetition and parallelism, which are the basic tools for creating an easily memorized message. Parallelism is, in turn, a part of a linguistic field of semantics. Focusing on parallelism employed in the speech, I have found that personal pronouns play a significant role in creating a foregrounding effect, which is an aspect of pragmatics. All these devices positively correlate with a rhetorical style, which the orator chose for the speech. The event took place at a historical mall, where some of the most prominent American orators have spoken to large audiences. In his speech, Obama stresses the strong connections between generations which he, as he states, is to endure, and employs other orators words in order to support the statement. 21 In an attempt to cover the most important values of the American people, Obama appeals to those which rest upon family and religion. He cites the Bible but quite carefully and, having pointed out the diversity of religions represented in the country, applies his words to universal, ‘transcendental truth’. He also creates an emotional atmosphere of a nation as a family, which suggests unity and support, the desire for a better future and a readiness for working hard on it for the next generation’s sake. The lexical register along with the foregrounding help to fulfill the task in a favorable view. The newly elected president needs his people’s support for the forthcoming reforms, which he has planned to carry out. The unity of the Americans, in order to receive their advanced approval, seems to be the aim of the President’s address to the nation. His speech is persuasive, but hardly aggressive. By using linguistic techniques, which have been employed by a number of the nation’s â€Å"Fathers† and which have proved to be successful and appreciated both by the audience present and forthcoming generations, Obama announces his address to his people in a favorable way. That is to say, the extensive use of pronouns ‘we’ and ‘our’ in combinations with the lexical chain discussed above, affects the speech in such a way that the audience, to some extent, might almost be considered to be participants in it and the President performs as a representative of the people. The various linguistic and rhetorical devices suggest that the orator articulates the ideas of the audience and that as a president, he represents the interests of his people. 22 . A Dictionary of Critical Theory by Ian Buchanan. Oxford University Press, 2010. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 30 Mar. 2011 Akmajian, Adrian, et al. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. 5th ed. The USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. Print. Bazzanella, Carla. †Redundancy, repetition, and intensity in discourse. † Language Sciences 33 (2011): 243-254. Web. 03 Feb. 2011. BBC News, â€Å"Obama honours Martin Luther King†, BBC. BBC News, 20 Jan 2009 Web. 29 Mar 2011. Capone, Alessandro. â€Å"Barack Obama’s South Carolina Speech† Journal of Pragmatics. 42 (2010): 2964-2977. Web. Greenstein, Fred I. The Presidential Difference. 3rd ed. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009. Print. Hart, P. Roderick. Modern Rhetorical Criticism. Upper Saddle River: AllynBacon A Pearson Education Company, 1997. Print. Lash, Scott. Another Modernity. 1998. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1999. Print. Leanne, Shel. Say It Like Obama: The Power of Speaking with Purpose and Vision. USA: RR Donnelley, 2009. Print. Mey, Jacob L. Pragmatics: An Introduction. 1993. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002. Print. Obama, Barack. †Bararack Obama’s Inaugural Address†. The Inaugural Address, Washington, The Capitol, 20 Jan. The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 20 Jan. 2009. Web. 10 May 2011. Oxford Dictionary of English, Ed. Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 17 Feb. 2011 23 Prinz, Joachim. â€Å"I speak to you as an American Jew†, Web. 4 Apr 2011. http://joachimprinz. com/civilrights. htm/. â€Å"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama. † The Associated Press. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 2007. Web. 11 Apr 2011. http://archive. starbulletin. com. Simpson, Paul. Stylistics: A resource book for students. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Print. Tenbrink, Thora. â€Å"Reference frames of space and time in language. † Journal of Pragmatics. 43. 3 (2011) : 704-722. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. . The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Ed. M. C. Howatson and Ian Chilvers. Oxford University Press, 1996. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 18 Feb. 2011 . The Concise Oxford Companion to Englishl Literature. Ed. Margaret Drabble and Jenny Stringer. Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 17 Feb. 2011 . The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Chris Baldick. Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 22Feb. 2011. 24 Appendix Obamas Inaugural Address Remarks as Prepared for Delivery January 20, 2009 My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land a nagging fear that Americas decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America they will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. 1 On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics. We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risktakers, the doers, the makers of things some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn. Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction. This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America. For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technologys wonders to raise health cares quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do. 2 Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage. What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the publics dollars will be held to account to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government. Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good. As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expediences sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more. Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint. We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you. 3 For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace. To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their societys ills on the West know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist. To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the worlds resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it. As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment a moment that will define a generation it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all. For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighters courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parents willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate. Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task. This is the price and the promise of citizenship. This is the source of our confidence the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. 4 This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath. So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of Americas birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people: Let it be told to the future world that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]. America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our childrens children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and Gods grace upon us, we carried forth that grea t gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations. 5